THE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL

In November of 1889, a military revolt directed by general Manuel Deodoro gives Fonseca forced Pedro II to abdicate. The republic was proclaimed then under the authority of a provisional government directed by Fonseca. Immediately, a certain number of reforms of republican inspiration was decreed among them, the separation of the Church and the State. The writing of a constitution was finished in June of 1890. Inspired by the Constitution of the United States, it was adopted in February of 1891, making of Brazil a Federal Republic, under the official title of the United States of Brazil. Fonseca was the first elect president.    

From 1891, the policy and the arbitrary methods of Fonseca raised a strong opposition in the Congress. At the beginning of November of 1891, Fonseca chose to dissolve the Assembly and to impose a absolutist power. But, forced to resign by a revolt of Navy, it yielded the power to his vice-president, Floriano Peixoto. This it established a as dictatorial government as the one of his predecessor.

The order did not return progressively to the country but under the government of the first president of the civil Republic, Prudent Jose de Moraes Mud.
The rubber and coffee production progressed regularly. The country seemed destined to know the prosperity, but the fall of the prices of the coffee in the international market between 1906 and 1910 created serious imbalances in the Brazilian economy. The situation was degraded still more with the loss of the prices of the rubber.   

In 1922, the beginning of a new economic crisis forced the government to do you cut drastic in the budget of the State. The general displeasure ended at July of 1924 in a great revolt, whose epicenter was in Sao Paulo. The revolt was dominated after six months of confrontations by the army that remained loyal to president Artur gives Whistles Bernardes, chosen in 1922. In order to avoid new problems, Bernardes decreed the martial law that was in force until the aim of its mandate. In August of 1927, the government decided the prohibition of strikes.         

At the end of the presidential elections of March of 1930, Julio You render, the pro-governmental candidate, was declared winning before Getulio Vargas. This last one was a political man of first plane, fervent nationalist, original of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It had the support of a great majority of the army and the political class. In October of 1930, it triggered a coup d'etat. After three weeks of combats, Vargas was designated provisory president, with ample powers.

In 1933, Vargas undertook to endow to the country with a new constitution summoning a constituent Assembly. The new text, adopted in 1934, anticipated particularly the right to the vote of the women, the social security for the workers and the election of the president by the Congress. The 17 of 1934 July, Vargas was chosen officially president.       

In the course of the first year of their constitutional mandate, Vargas found a strong opposition from the left wing of the Movement of the Brazilian Workers. In November of 1935, attempts of communist revolts in Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro were frustrated. The martial law was restored and Vargas governed by presidential decrees. In order to reduce the force of the opposition, they took place great adminisered extreme unction to of haltings from opponents the government.    

In November of 1937, on the eve of presidential elections, Vargas made dissolve the Congress and proclaimed a new constitution that she conferred to him to be able absolute. He reorganized the government and the administration of the country according to the model of the totalitarian regimes Italian and German. The political parties were prohibited, the press and the correspondence was put under one close censorship.

The government of Vargas, officially designated by the title of State I novate (Been New), had to remain in the power until outside decided the date of a referendum on new statutory laws. This date was never determined in fact.        

But during that time, the manifestations of displeasure with respect to Vargas multiplied. After a challenge sent in February of 1945 by a group of publishers, the government accepted to smooth out the censorship to the press. The 28 of February of 1945 were announced the celebration of presidential and legislative elections. Little by little, the main ties to the political activity were raised. In April of 1945, all the political prisoners, including the Communists, had the amnesty. 

In October of 1945, a military coup d'etat finally forced Vargas to resign. Jose Linhares, first magistrate of the Supreme Court, was appointed provisional president in the hope of elections. These took place in December of 1945. They gave an ample victory to the old Minister military, Eurico Gaspar Dutra. She entered functions in January of 1946. The deputies chosen again were in charge to write up the new constitution, adopted in September of 1946.

Getúlio Vargas encountered again the presidency of Brazil in January of 1951 after the elections celebrated in preceding October. It trained a government of coalition with the great parties. This government took measures to balance the budget of the State and to start up a program of reduction of the inflation, of increase of wages and extension of the social reforms. These contradictory decisions did not prevent the growth of the inflation.

In August of 1954, in the heat of legislative electoral campaign, an official of the Air Force found the death in a directed attack against a press director anti-Vargas. This death took to the army to demand the resignation of Vargas. The 24 of August, Vargas accepted provisionally to leave to the power to vice-president João Filho Coffee, before committing suicide hours later.

The old governor of Minas Gerais, Juscelino Kubitschek, reunited the support of those in favor of Vargas and the Communists, which allowed him to gain the presidential elections of October of 1955. Neither or he assumed his function, in January of 1956, announced an ambitious quinquennial plan of economic development, followed of a loan with American banks, by an amount superior to 150 million dollars. He was also at this time and that was approved the plans of the future federal capital: Brasilia.

Jânio gives Whistles Quadros, old governor of Sao Paulo, was the president of Brazil in January of 1961. It undertook a policy of economic austerity immediately, although its mandate lasted Quadros just a short time resigned in August of 1961.    

His vice-president João Goulart happened to him. But this succession did not become without difficulty. The military began to be against, accusing Goulart to like by the Cuban Castro regime. Nevertheless one reached an agreement. The Constitution was amended of way to most of confiscate the executive authorities of the president in favor of Prime minister and of the government, people in charge in front of the Congress. Goulart could enter functions in September of 1961.           

In the month of March of 1964, some days after to have seen him in a working concentration, Goulart was overthrown by a military coup d'etat and had to flee to Uruguay. The Chief of staff of the army, general Humberto Castelo Branco happened to him like president of the Republic.
In 1965, a law reduced the civil liberties, it increased the power of the government and trusted to the Congress the task of designating to the president and to the vice-president.

In 1966, the old minister military, marshal Artur gives Coast and Whistles, candidate of the governmental party Sand (started off of the national Renaissance), was designated president. The Brazilian Democratic Movement, unique tolerated party of the opposition, had rejected to present/display a candidate in reaction to the deprivation of the electoral rights of the most ferocious adversaries of the military government.           

In December of 1968, seeing the consequences of the social and political agitation, Coast occurred limitless powers and could carry out political purges, cuts in the economy and thus impose the censorship.   

In August of 1969, it was affected by a cerebral attack. The military chose general Emilio Garrastazú Médici to happen, election to him approved by the Congress. But the protest was made more and more lives in the country. 

It was against this background that general Ernest Geisel, president of Petrobra's, nationalized oil society, acceded to the power in 1974. It began to establish a rather liberal policy being relaxed the censorship on the press and allowing the opposition parties to reprimand a legal political activity. But these censorships partly were annulled in 1976 and 1977. In 1979, another military man, João Baptist of Oliveira Figueiredo, happened to Geisel.

THE AIM OF THE DICTATORSHIPS. THE PRESENT TIME

It was finally in 1985 that was chosen, Tancredo Neves, as the first Brazilian civil president after 21 years. But it died before entering functions. Vice-president Jose replaced it to Sarney. Confronted to a bounce of the inflation and considerable an external debt, Sarney imposed an austerity program that included/understood the emission of a new currency, the cruzado. In order to fortify the democracy, a new constitution entered October of 1988 in force.      

It was in the picture of this new constitution anticipating the election of the president by direct suffrage that was chosen, in December of 1989, Fernando Collor de Mello, candidate of the Conservative Party of national reconstruction. Their drastic measures of fight against the inflation caused one of the most serious recessions than Brazil has never known in one decade. On the other hand, more and more precise rumors of corruption began to circulate on president Collor.   

The House of Representatives established a process against Collor by corruption, that finally finished resigning the 29 of December of 1992.